Buffers
Biological buffer calculator
Biological buffer calculator (R. Beynon, Dept. Veterinary Preclinical Sciences Univ. Liverpool, England) - controls for concentration, ionic strength and temperature. Also available here. For pKa data see here (Sigma-Aldrich). Other buffer sites include: Science Gateway Buffer Calculator, and Buffer Calculator.
Dilution Calculator
Dilution Calculator (www.restrictionmapper.org/) - this very useful site for the mathematically challenged provides percent by weight, weight per volume and molarity of solution from stock solutions or solids.
Updated: February, 2026