Specialized Annotation - Antibiotic Resistance

ResFinder 4.1

ResFinder 4.1 (Danish Technical Univcersity) - uses BLAST for identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes in whole-genome data. As input, the method can use both pre-assembled, complete or partial genomes, and short sequence reads from four different sequencing platforms. Tested with 1411 different resistance genes with 100% identity.
(Reference: Zankari E et al. 2012. J Antimicrob Chemother. 67:2640-2644)


ResFinderFG 2.0

ResFinderFG 2.0 (Danish Technical University) - identifies a resistance phenotype based on a functional metagenomic antibiotic resistance determinants database.


CARD

CARD (The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database) - a rigorously curated collection of known resistance determinants and associated antibiotics, organized by the Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (ARO) and AMR gene detection models
(Reference: Jia, B. et al. 2017. Nucleic Acids Research, 45: D566-573).


BacMet

BacMet (Antibacterial Biocide & Metal Resistance Genes Database) - a database of biocide and metal resistance genes with highly reliable content. In BacMet version 1.1, the experimentally confirmed database contains 704 resistance genes, whereas the predicted database contains 40,556 resistance genes
(Reference: Pal, C. et al. 2014. Nucleic Acids Research, 42: D737-743).


BacAnt

BacAnt - which allows the annotation of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), integrons and transposable elements at the same time. The pipeline generates genbank files automatically, which are compatible with Easyfig for comparative genomic analysis.
(Reference: Hua X et al. 2021. Front Microbiol. 12: 649969).

Updated: February, 2026